StocksInsight

CIEN Stock vs the S&P 500: Returns, Risk and Crash History

Ciena Corporation, technology (market value $32.7 billion), an S&P 500 member: how it compared with the S&P 500, how it behaved in every crash since 2008, its risk‑adjusted returns and what analysts said. Returns to Oct 30, 2026; analyst data as of Nov 9, 2026.

Published Updated 4 min readHow we research

Key takeaways

  • CIEN returned +490.8% over the 5 years to Oct 30, 2026 versus +75.9% for the S&P 500: it beat the index.
  • Its 5-year Sharpe ratio was 0.86 against 0.58 for the S&P 500.
  • Its deepest crisis drawdown was −89.5% in the global financial crisis (2007–09) (S&P 500: −56.5%).
  • Five‑year volatility was 54.2% and beta 1.32.
  • 18 analysts rated it in the past year; 78% of their latest calls were Buy.
  • CIEN beat earnings estimates in 10 of its last 12 reports; the stock moved 11.1% on average, up or down, around each report.

What do the best‑ranked analysts on CIEN say now? See it in Exent Gems →

Did CIEN beat the S&P 500?

Over the 5 years to Oct 30, 2026, Ciena Corporation (CIEN) returned +490.8% including dividends, versus +75.9% for the S&P 500 (SPY). It beat the index by 414.9 percentage points, or +42.7% a year against +12.0%.

PeriodCIENS&P 500CIEN per yearS&P 500 per yearResult
1 year+68.9%+12.0%+68.9%+12.0%Beat
3 years+660.0%+87.4%+96.6%+23.3%Beat
5 years+490.8%+75.9%+42.7%+12.0%Beat
10 years+1,555%+316.3%+32.4%+15.3%Beat
  • 1 year
    CIEN
    +68.9%
    S&P 500
    +12.0%
    CIEN per year
    +68.9%
    S&P 500 per year
    +12.0%
    Result
    Beat
  • 3 years
    CIEN
    +660.0%
    S&P 500
    +87.4%
    CIEN per year
    +96.6%
    S&P 500 per year
    +23.3%
    Result
    Beat
  • 5 years
    CIEN
    +490.8%
    S&P 500
    +75.9%
    CIEN per year
    +42.7%
    S&P 500 per year
    +12.0%
    Result
    Beat
  • 10 years
    CIEN
    +1,555%
    S&P 500
    +316.3%
    CIEN per year
    +32.4%
    S&P 500 per year
    +15.3%
    Result
    Beat

Total return with dividends reinvested, from month-end prices to Oct 30, 2026. Beating the index on raw return is only half the story: the next section adjusts for the risk taken. See also how to beat the S&P 500.

CIEN is in the S&P 500 (members as of Oct 20, 2026); the list shows every member’s return against the index.

What Wall Street analysts say about CIEN

In the 12 months to 30 days ago, 18 analysts published 208 ratings on CIEN. Their latest calls were 78% Buy, 22% Hold and 0% Sell. 13 of them rank 4★ or higher in Exent’s analyst scoring, which is based on each analyst’s past price‑target hit rate and returns.

The consensus 12‑month price target was $507.42 (range $347.00–$615.00), +86.5% from the last price. Remember that the average analyst’s target is hit only about half the time: how accurate are price targets?

Top‑ranked analyst coveringFirmStarsPrice‑target hit rate
??????5.0★63.0%
??????5.0★56.1%
??????5.0★69.3%
??????5.0★58.7%
??????5.0★70.9%

Other analysts covering CIEN: George Notter · Michael Genovese · Dave Kang · Tal Liani · Meta Marshall · Sean O'Loughlin

Ratings are shown with a 30‑day delay. Who the top‑ranked analysts on CIEN are, their live calls and the median target of only the top‑rated analysts are in Exent Gems.

The average analyst’s target is reached about 53.1% of the time; Exent Gems is built on the top 50 of Exent’s ranking,where some reached 90% or more over the last two years. Unlock the top 50 analysts.

CIEN returns by year vs the S&P 500

CIEN beat the S&P 500 in 5 of the 9 full calendar years shown.

YearCIENS&P 500Difference
2026 (to Oct 30, 2026)+37.1%+11.7%+25.4%
2025+175.8%+17.7%+158.1%
2024+88.4%+24.9%+63.5%
2023−11.7%+26.2%−37.9%
2022−33.8%−18.2%−15.6%
2021+45.6%+28.7%+16.9%
2020+23.8%+18.3%+5.5%
2019+25.9%+31.2%−5.3%
2018+62.0%−4.6%+66.6%
2017−14.3%+21.7%−36.0%

CIEN risk-adjusted returns: Sharpe, Sortino and volatility

Over 5 years, CIEN had a Sharpe ratio of 0.86 against 0.58 for the S&P 500, so it earned more return per unit of risk than the index. Its annualized volatility was 52.4% and its beta 1.32: it tended to move about 1.3× as much as the market.

MetricCIENS&P 500
Annual return+42.7%+12.0%
Volatility (annualized)52.4%15.5%
Sharpe ratio0.860.58
Sortino ratio1.730.91
Max drawdown (month-end)−47.5%−23.9%
Beta to the S&P 5001.321.00

Sharpe divides return above cash by total volatility; Sortino counts only downside volatility. Both use monthly returns and the 1–3 month T‑bill ETF (BIL) as the risk‑free rate.

How CIEN behaved in past crashes

CIEN’s deepest fall in the crises below was −89.5% in the global financial crisis (2007–09), against −56.5% for the S&P 500. The last column turns that into money: what a $100,000 position would have lost from peak to trough.

CrisisCIENS&P 500Loss on $100,000
Global financial crisis (2007–09)−89.5%−56.5%−$89,550
2018 trade-war selloff−11.8%−20.2%−$11,780
COVID crash (Feb–Mar 2020)−22.4%−34.1%−$22,420
2022 inflation bear market−49.4%−25.4%−$49,390
2025 tariff selloff−38.5%−19.0%−$38,540
WindowCIEN max drawdown
Last 1 year−63.2%
Last 3 years−63.2%
Last 5 years−63.2%
Last 10 years−49.5%

Peak‑to‑trough declines from daily prices inside each crisis window. A crash replay does not predict the next crisis; it shows how much room a holding needs. Run the same replay on a whole portfolio with the crash test.

What moves with CIEN, and what doesn’t

Correlation runs from −1 (moves opposite) to +1 (moves in lockstep). Over the last 60 months of monthly returns, CIEN’s correlation with the S&P 500 was 0.39, with the Nasdaq‑100 0.42, with long Treasuries (TLT) 0.20 and with gold (GLD) 0.22.

Adding a 5% CIEN position to an S&P 500 portfolio would have moved its 5‑year volatility from 15.5% to 15.9%.

Least correlated large capsCorrelationMost correlated large capsCorrelation
MRSH−0.17WDC0.56
COP−0.15GLW0.50
PGR−0.13VRT0.49
XOM−0.11AVGO0.48
PM−0.11MRVL0.46

Holdings that are highly correlated behave like one position in a selloff. See how to find hidden overlap.

Latest CIEN upgrades, downgrades and price‑target changes

DateRating and targetAnalyst
Sep 30New coverage
Buy
Target $440
Daniel Zhu‏
Bernstein
Sep 29New coverage
Buy
Target $440
Daniel Zhu‏
Bernstein
Sep 17Target raised
Buy
Target $550, was $500
Tim Savageaux
Northland Securities
Sep 17Target raised
Buy
Target $548, was $475
Tim Long
Barclays
Sep 17Target raised
Hold
Target $450, was $425
Meta Marshall
Morgan Stanley

Named analysts’ rating and price‑target changes on CIEN in the 5 weeks to Oct 12, 2026, shown 30 days after publication (the free analysts’ calls 3 days after). The top‑ranked analysts’ calls are in Exent Gems. See all of the latest analyst upgrades and downgrades.

Do analysts get CIEN right?

Of the 397 analyst price targets on CIEN set from 2019 until a year ago, 72.0% were reached within 12 months (data to Oct 20, 2026), 3.4 points above the 68.6% hit rate of the median stock in Exent’s study of 794 stocks. Targets that were reached took a median of 66 days. The median target sat 17.6% above the share price on the day it was set.

72.0%of targets reached within 12 monthsMedian stock: 68.6%
66 daysmedian time to reach a target
AfterCallsMove on the call3 months vs S&P 500
Upgrades of CIEN20+3.8%+11.8%
Upgrades, all stocks11,514+2.5%+3.4%
Downgrades of CIEN18−0.9%+26.1%
Downgrades, all stocks10,700−3.0%−1.6%

The move on the call runs from the close before the rating change to the close after it; the last column is the stock’s return minus the S&P 500’s over the next three months. Averages of rating changes on CIEN through Sep 15, 2026; analysts are not named here. Do analyst upgrades move stocks?

How CIEN moves after earnings

CIEN beat the consensus earnings‑per‑share estimate in 10 of its last 12 quarterly reports, through the one on Sep 3, 2026, and the revenue estimate in 12 of 12. From the close before each report to the close after it, the stock moved 11.1% on average, up or down, against 6.8% for the average report across the 1,002 US stocks Exent tracks. It rose after 3 of the 12 reports. In 8 of the 10 beats the stock still fell.

10/12earnings beats
±11.1%average move per report
3/12reports followed by a rise
ReportEPS vs estimateRevenue vs estimateStock move
Sep 3, 2026$2.11 vs $1.73+2.1%−9.4%
Jun 4, 2026$1.64 vs $1.46+4.4%−21.3%
Mar 5, 2026$1.35 vs $1.17+2.0%−14.4%
Dec 11, 2025$0.91 vs $0.78+4.7%−1.5%
Sep 4, 2025$0.67 vs $0.53+3.8%+23.1%
Jun 5, 2025$0.42 vs $0.52+3.0%−13.3%
Mar 11, 2025$0.64 vs $0.41+1.9%+1.3%
Dec 12, 2024$0.54 vs $0.66+1.9%+22.6%

Reported earnings per share against the consensus estimate, revenue surprise in percent, and the stock’s price change over the two sessions around the report. How stocks move after earnings

Where CIEN’s revenue comes from

In fiscal 2024 (the year to Nov 2, 2024), CIEN’s largest reported region was North America, with 73.5% of its $4.0 billion revenue. By region: North America 73.5%; Emea 16.2%; Asia Pacific 10.3%.

By business, the largest segment was Networking Platforms Segment, with 75.8% of $4.0 billion revenue (−12.9% on the year before).

  • North America73.5%
  • Emea16.2%
  • Asia Pacific10.3%
SegmentRevenueShareGrowth
Networking Platforms Segment$3.0 billion75.8%−12.9%
Global Services$537.2 million13.4%+3.3%
Platform Software and Services Segment$358.1 million8.9%+17.8%
Blue Planet Automation Software and Services Segment$77.6 million1.9%+12.2%

From CIEN’s annual filings; segment growth compares fiscal 2024 with the year before. Regions are as each company reports them, so one company’s “Asia Pacific” is not another’s. China counts the regions a company reports as China, Greater China or Hong Kong; a separately reported Taiwan is not counted. Which S&P 500 companies depend most on China?

Members of Congress who traded CIEN

As of Oct 20, 2026, 8 members of Congress had disclosed 21 trades in CIEN (11 buys and 10 sales) in STOCK Act disclosures filed with the House and Senate. The latest public trade is dated May 29, 2026.

Trade dateMemberTypeAmount
May 29, 2026Gilbert CisnerosBuy$1,001–$15,000
May 14, 2026Gilbert CisnerosBuy$1,001–$15,000
Mar 30, 2026Alan ArmstrongBuy$1,001–$15,000
Mar 27, 2026Alan ArmstrongBuy$1,001–$15,000
Oct 31, 2025Lisa McClainSale$1,001–$15,000
Oct 30, 2025Lisa McClainSale$1,001–$15,000
Oct 30, 2025Lisa McClainBuy$1,001–$15,000
Oct 15, 2025Lisa McClainSale$1,001–$15,000
Jun 17, 2025Lisa McClainBuy$1,001–$15,000
Sep 4, 2024John JamesSale$1,001–$15,000

Amounts are the ranges members report, not exact values. The STOCK Act gives members up to 45 days to disclose a trade, so trades appear weeks after they are made. See every member’s disclosed trades

2 trades in CIEN disclosed in the last 30 days are in Exent Radar.

Are CIEN insiders buying or selling?

In the 12 months to Oct 20, 2026, CIEN insiders made no open‑market purchases and 90 sales worth $101.4 million, according to SEC Form 4 filings. The last open‑market purchase on record was on Oct 13, 2014.

After the 1 insider purchase of $10,000 or more since 2012, CIEN beat the S&P 500 by an average of 44.2 percentage points over the next 12 months; every one was followed by a beat (a small sample). Across all 17,865 insider purchases in Exent’s study, the average was +17.2% and the median +1.0% against the index.

Q4 ’24
Q1 ’25
Q2 ’25
Q3 ’25
Q4 ’25
Q1 ’26
Q2 ’26
Q3 ’26
DateInsiderRoleValue
Oct 13, 2014Moylan James E JrSVP Finance, CFO$71,550
Dec 23, 2009Rowny Michael JDirector$1,098
Dec 22, 2009Rowny Michael JDirector$25,992
May 26, 2004Davis Don H JrDirector$33,300
May 26, 2004Obrien Judith MDirector$20,411

The table lists the latest open‑market purchases on record, leaving out the last 30 days. The chart counts Form 4 purchases and sales by calendar quarter. Purchases are open‑market buys; sales include planned sales under 10b5‑1 trading plans. Do insider buys beat the market?

How much of CIEN is sold short?

As of the Sep 30, 2026 settlement date, 2.74% of CIEN’s float was sold short: 3.9 million shares, or 1.4 days of average trading volume to cover. A year earlier (Oct 15, 2025) it was 3.14%. The median across the 997 US stocks Exent tracks was 4.77%, so CIEN is less heavily shorted than most.

  • Apr 30, 20263.09%
  • May 29, 20263.19%
  • Jun 30, 20262.73%
  • Jul 31, 20262.63%
  • Aug 31, 20262.37%
  • Sep 30, 20262.74%

From FINRA short‑interest reports, filed twice a month; the bars show the short share of the float at each month‑end. Days to cover divides the shares short by the average daily volume. The most shorted stocks

How many institutions own CIEN?

At the end of Q2 2026 (Jun 30, 2026), 1,292 institutions reported holding CIEN in 13F filings, up 163 from the quarter before and up from 595 a year earlier. Their reported holdings add up to 94.2% of CIEN’s shares. In the quarter 736 institutions added to their positions and 396 cut them.

1,29213F holders
268new positions
117positions closed
94.2%of shares held by 13F filers

Investment managers with over $100 million in US equities file 13F reports within 45 days of each quarter end, so this is the latest complete quarter. Holdings can add up to more than 100% when shares are lent and counted twice. Which stocks institutions are buying and selling

Is CIEN diluting shareholders?

CIEN’s diluted share count fell 6.9% over the five fiscal years to fiscal 2025 and fell 0.5% in fiscal 2025 alone. Each share now owns a larger slice of the company. The median change across the 1,005 US stocks Exent tracks was −0.1%.

Stock‑based compensation was $184.5 million in fiscal 2025, 3.9% of revenue. CIEN spent $334.5 million buying back shares, a buyback yield of 0.68% of its market value; stock pay equaled 55.2% of the buybacks.

−0.5%share count, 1 year
−6.9%share count, 5 years
3.9%stock pay as % of revenue
0.68%buyback yield

Weighted‑average diluted shares from CIEN’s annual income statements; stock‑based compensation and buybacks from its cash‑flow statement. Stock dilution and stock‑based compensation, explained

CIEN financial health scores

In Exent’s Oct 20, 2026 snapshot, CIEN’s Altman Z‑score was 7.14, in the safe zone (where 465 of the 794 non‑financial US stocks Exent tracks sit). Its Piotroski F‑score was 8 out of 9; 20% of scored stocks reach 8 or more.

7.14Altman Z‑score: safe zone
8/9Piotroski F‑score

The Altman Z‑score combines five balance‑sheet and earnings ratios into one bankruptcy‑risk score: below 1.81 is the distress zone, 1.81–2.99 grey, above 2.99 safe. It is not meaningful for banks, insurers and REITs. The Piotroski F‑score counts nine yes/no tests of profitability, leverage and efficiency; 8–9 is strong, 0–2 weak. Both come from the latest annual statements. Which stocks have the highest bankruptcy risk?

What CIEN talks about on earnings calls

On its latest earnings call (Sep 3, 2026), CIEN’s executives and analysts mentioned AI 15 times, against 8 on the call before (Jun 4, 2026); the average across 455 S&P 500 calls that quarter was 12.9. After AI, the most mentioned topic was data centers (32).

MentionsSep ’26Jun ’26Mar ’26Dec ’25
AI1581324
AI agents1100
Data centers32152434
Tariffs9042
China0000
Recession0000
  • AI
    Sep ’26
    15
    Jun ’26
    8
    Mar ’26
    13
    Dec ’25
    24
  • AI agents
    Sep ’26
    1
    Jun ’26
    1
    Mar ’26
    0
    Dec ’25
    0
  • Data centers
    Sep ’26
    32
    Jun ’26
    15
    Mar ’26
    24
    Dec ’25
    34
  • Tariffs
    Sep ’26
    9
    Jun ’26
    0
    Mar ’26
    4
    Dec ’25
    2
  • China
    Sep ’26
    0
    Jun ’26
    0
    Mar ’26
    0
    Dec ’25
    0
  • Recession
    Sep ’26
    0
    Jun ’26
    0
    Mar ’26
    0
    Dec ’25
    0

Word counts in the full transcript of each call, prepared remarks and Q&A, newest first. “AI” also counts generative AI and large language models; “AI agents” counts agentic AI. Which companies talk most about AI?

Which ETFs hold CIEN?

As of Oct 20, 2026, 57 of the 304 ETFs Exent tracks held CIEN. Its largest weight is in FDN (First Trust Dow Jones Internet Index Fund), at 1.68% of the fund.

ETFFundWeight of CIEN
FDNFirst Trust Dow Jones Internet Index Fund1.68%
VOTVanguard Mid-Cap Growth Index Fund1.18%
VOVanguard Mid-Cap Index Fund ETF Shares0.49%
SPHQInvesco S&P 500 Quality ETF0.49%
SPMOInvesco S&P 500 Momentum ETF0.46%
MTUMiShares MSCI USA Momentum Factor ETF0.41%
JQUAJPMorgan U.S. Quality Factor ETF0.32%
XLKState Street Technology Select Sector SPDR ETF0.29%

Owning several of these funds stacks the same position. How much do VOO, QQQ and VTI overlap?

How much is CIEN’s CEO paid?

Gary B. Smith, CIEN’s President and CEO, received total pay of $18.5 million for fiscal 2025, up 31.6% from $14.1 million for fiscal 2024, according to the company’s proxy statement filed with the SEC on Feb 12, 2026. 79% of it came as stock and option awards, valued when they were granted rather than when they pay out. The median CEO pay across the 378 S&P 500 companies Exent tracks was $17.2 million.

Pay componentAmountShare of total
Salary$1.1 million5.8%
Stock and option awards$14.6 million79.0%
Incentive plan (cash)$2.8 million15.1%
Other$12,8580.1%
Other top executivesRoleTotal pay, 2025
Marc D. GraffSVP and CFO$13.0 million
Jason M. PhippsSVP, Global Customer Engagement$5.2 million
David M. RothensteinSVP, Chief Strategy Officer and Secretary$4.2 million
Dino DiPernaSVP, Global R&D$3.8 million

Figures from the summary compensation table of the proxy statement; awards count at their grant‑date value, so one large multi‑year grant can make a single year stand out. CEO pay across the S&P 500

The right benchmark for CIEN

Exent matches every holding to the index with the most similar risk. For CIEN that is QQQ (the Nasdaq‑100). Comparing a holding with an index that carries very different risk makes good results look bad and risky ones look clever. Read why the S&P 500 is the wrong benchmark for most portfolios.

Other technology stocks

TickerName5‑year returnVolatility (5y)
AAPLApple Inc.+135.9%28.0%
NVDANVIDIA Corporation+704.3%51.1%
MSFTMicrosoft Corporation+64.0%26.5%
AVGOBroadcom Inc.+570.0%44.7%
MUMicron Technology, Inc.+1,211%51.9%
AMDAdvanced Micro Devices, Inc.+319.9%58.3%
PLTRPalantir Technologies Inc.+611.4%64.4%
ORCLOracle Corporation+45.7%40.4%

Data and methodology

Returns are total returns from month‑end adjusted closing prices (dividends reinvested) through Oct 30, 2026. Crisis drawdowns and trailing maximum drawdowns use daily prices. Analyst coverage counts ratings published in the last 12 months, shown with a 30‑day delay. Full method: Exent methodology.

Company data as of Oct 20, 2026. The move around an earnings report runs from the close before it to the close after it; a price target counts as hit when the stock closed at or beyond it within 12 months (Exent analyst data). Revenue by region and segment, share counts and executive pay come from company filings; insider trades from SEC Form 4, short interest from FINRA, institutional ownership from 13F filings, Congress trades from STOCK Act disclosures filed with the House and Senate, federal contracts from USAspending.gov. Filings from the last 30 days are shown as counts only.

Past performance does not guarantee future results. Historical figures are calculated by Exent from market data and are for education only; they are not investment advice or a recommendation to buy or sell any security.

Check CIEN with Exent Gems

Wall Street’s average CIEN price target is 86.5% above the latest share price. See what the best‑ranked analysts on CIEN say now in Exent Gems.

  1. Exent ranks Wall Street analysts by their past price‑target hit rate and returns, and keeps the best‑ranked few.
  2. Gems shows who the top‑ranked analysts covering CIEN are, their live calls and the median target of only the top‑rated analysts.
  3. Gems flags the stocks where several top‑ranked analysts agree: a starting point for your own research, not a promise.

Exent is our product. Educational content, not investment advice.

Frequently asked questions

Yes. CIEN returned +1,555% (+32.4% a year) over the 10 years to Oct 30, 2026, versus +316.3% (+15.3% a year) for the S&P 500, including dividends.

Yes. As of Oct 20, 2026, CIEN (Ciena Corporation) is one of the 503 stocks in the S&P 500.

CIEN fell −89.5% from peak to trough during the global financial crisis (2007–09), versus −56.5% for the S&P 500.

CIEN fell −22.4% from peak to trough during the covid crash (feb–mar 2020), versus −34.1% for the S&P 500.

CIEN fell −49.4% from peak to trough during the 2022 inflation bear market, versus −25.4% for the S&P 500.

Over the 5 years to Oct 30, 2026, CIEN’s Sharpe ratio was 0.86 and its Sortino ratio 1.73, versus 0.58 and 0.91 for the S&P 500.

CIEN’s 5‑year annualized volatility was 54.2%, higher than the S&P 500’s 17.0%, with a beta of 1.32.

Among large US stocks, the lowest correlations with CIEN over the last 60 months were MRSH (−0.17), COP (−0.15), PGR (−0.13). Its correlation with long Treasuries (TLT) was 0.20 and with gold (GLD) 0.22.

CIEN beat the consensus earnings-per-share estimate in 10 of its last 12 quarterly reports through Sep 3, 2026, and the revenue estimate in 12 of 12. The stock moved 11.1% on average, up or down, from the close before each report to the close after it.

Gary B. Smith, CIEN’s President and CEO, received $18.5 million in total pay for fiscal 2025, including a $1.1 million salary and $14.6 million in stock and option awards valued at grant, according to the proxy statement filed with the SEC on Feb 12, 2026. The median S&P 500 CEO received $17.2 million.

Yes. As of Oct 20, 2026, 8 members of Congress had disclosed 21 trades in CIEN (11 buys and 10 sales) in STOCK Act disclosures filed with the House and Senate.

As of the Sep 30, 2026 settlement date, 2.74% of CIEN’s float was sold short (3.9 million shares, 1.4 days to cover), according to FINRA short-interest reports. A year earlier it was 3.14%.

No. CIEN’s diluted share count fell 6.9% over the five fiscal years to fiscal 2025 and fell 0.5% in the latest year. Stock-based compensation was 3.9% of revenue, and buybacks totaled $334.5 million.

What do the best‑ranked analysts say on CIEN now?

Exent ranks Wall Street analysts by their track record. Gems shows who the top‑ranked analysts on CIEN are, their latest calls and the stocks where several of them agree.

See this week’s GemsLimited offer$1.95 for full access· full access

Educational content, not investment advice. Examples are illustrative; past performance does not guarantee future results.

DISCLAIMER: Exent AI is an informational research platform and does not provide investment advice, financial advice, or act as an investment adviser, broker-dealer, or fiduciary. All content, analytics, and model outputs are provided for educational and informational purposes only and should not be relied upon as a recommendation to buy, sell, or hold any financial instrument. Investing involves risk, including the possible loss of principal. Exent AI does not execute trades, hold customer funds, or provide brokerage services. Past performance and hypothetical results are not indicative of future results. Third-party data and AI-generated outputs may be incomplete or inaccurate.