ResourcesGuide

What Does the Stock Market Do on Fed Days?

Every Federal Reserve decision since mid‑2016: what the S&P 500, the Nasdaq‑100, leveraged ETFs and long Treasuries did on the day and over the next week, hikes vs cuts vs holds, and the biggest Fed‑day moves. Updated after every decision.

Published Updated 7 min readHow we research

Key takeaways

  • On average, Fed decision days moved the market more than a normal day, but not in a reliable direction: the tables on this page compare every decision since mid‑2016 with all trading days.
  • The biggest Fed‑day move came after an emergency cut: on Mar 16, 2020, the first trading day after the Fed cut rates to near zero, the S&P 500 fund (SPY) fell 10.9% and the 3× Nasdaq‑100 fund TQQQ 34.5% (Exent’s data).
  • Hikes were not automatically bad news: four of the 2022 hike days were strong up days, including +3.0% for the S&P 500 fund on May 4, 2022.
  • A cut can be a bad day too: on Dec 18, 2024 the Fed cut and the S&P 500 fund fell 3.0%, TQQQ 10.8%.
  • Leveraged funds turn a Fed day into a large event: TQQQ’s average decision‑day move is several times the S&P 500’s.

Market risk reading, cross‑asset context and an events calendar: see Exent →

What does the stock market do on Fed days?

It usually moves more than on a normal day, in either direction. The Federal Open Market Committee meets eight times a year and releases its decision at 2:00 p.m. Eastern on the meeting’s last day (Federal Reserve), so a decision day includes the morning before the news and the two hours after it. Much of the reaction can come from the statement and the outlook for future rates, not only from the decision.

This page tracks every decision from mid‑2016 onward, from the Fed’s meeting calendars and its table of rate changes, including the two emergency cuts of March 2020. It updates after each decision. It is part of the portfolio protection guide.

The last 12 Fed decisions, and what the market did

Data through the close of Nov 2, 2026. Across the 84 Fed decisions from Jul 2016 to Oct 2026, the S&P 500 (SPY) moved 0.93% on an average decision day, up or down: about 1.3 times the move of a normal trading day (0.73%). It closed higher on 44% of them, against 55% of all trading days. The 3× Nasdaq‑100 fund TQQQ moved 3.67% on an average decision day; its worst was −34.5% and its best +12.4%.

Recent Fed decisions: the S&P 500 and TQQQ on the day

Price change from the close before to the close of the decision day: the chart shows the last 8, the table the last 12. Decisions come at 2 p.m. Eastern, so the day includes the morning before them.

12/25
1/26
3/26
4/26
6/26
7/26
9/26
10/26
Decision dayDecisionS&P 500, dayNasdaq‑100, dayTQQQ, dayS&P 500, 5 daysTQQQ, 5 daysLong Treasuries, day
Oct 28, 2026Hold+0.3%+0.6%+1.9%In progressIn progress−0.8%
Sep 16, 2026Hike +0.25 to 3.75–4.00%−0.4%0.0%0.0%+2.1%+19.0%+0.2%
Jul 29, 2026Hold−1.5%−2.0%−6.2%+4.1%+21.5%−1.6%
Jun 17, 2026Hold−1.3%−1.0%−3.0%−2.3%−8.3%+0.2%
Apr 29, 2026Hold0.0%+0.6%+1.8%+1.7%+10.9%−0.8%
Mar 18, 2026Hold−1.4%−1.4%−4.3%−2.6%−9.4%−0.6%
Jan 28, 2026Hold0.0%+0.3%+0.9%−0.9%−7.1%−0.2%
Dec 10, 2025Cut −0.25 to 3.50–3.75%+0.7%+0.4%+1.1%−0.6%−6.6%+0.4%
Oct 29, 2025Cut −0.25 to 3.75–4.00%+0.1%+0.5%+1.3%−1.7%−6.7%−1.0%
Sep 17, 2025Cut −0.25 to 4.00–4.25%−0.1%−0.2%−0.6%+0.5%+3.7%−0.3%
Jul 30, 2025Hold−0.1%+0.1%+0.4%−1.1%−4.2%−0.5%
Jun 18, 2025Hold0.0%0.0%−0.1%+1.6%+6.7%+0.2%
  • Oct 28, 2026
    Decision
    Hold
    S&P 500, day
    +0.3%
    Nasdaq‑100, day
    +0.6%
    TQQQ, day
    +1.9%
    S&P 500, 5 days
    In progress
    TQQQ, 5 days
    In progress
    Long Treasuries, day
    −0.8%
  • Sep 16, 2026
    Decision
    Hike +0.25 to 3.75–4.00%
    S&P 500, day
    −0.4%
    Nasdaq‑100, day
    0.0%
    TQQQ, day
    0.0%
    S&P 500, 5 days
    +2.1%
    TQQQ, 5 days
    +19.0%
    Long Treasuries, day
    +0.2%
  • Jul 29, 2026
    Decision
    Hold
    S&P 500, day
    −1.5%
    Nasdaq‑100, day
    −2.0%
    TQQQ, day
    −6.2%
    S&P 500, 5 days
    +4.1%
    TQQQ, 5 days
    +21.5%
    Long Treasuries, day
    −1.6%
  • Jun 17, 2026
    Decision
    Hold
    S&P 500, day
    −1.3%
    Nasdaq‑100, day
    −1.0%
    TQQQ, day
    −3.0%
    S&P 500, 5 days
    −2.3%
    TQQQ, 5 days
    −8.3%
    Long Treasuries, day
    +0.2%
  • Apr 29, 2026
    Decision
    Hold
    S&P 500, day
    0.0%
    Nasdaq‑100, day
    +0.6%
    TQQQ, day
    +1.8%
    S&P 500, 5 days
    +1.7%
    TQQQ, 5 days
    +10.9%
    Long Treasuries, day
    −0.8%
  • Mar 18, 2026
    Decision
    Hold
    S&P 500, day
    −1.4%
    Nasdaq‑100, day
    −1.4%
    TQQQ, day
    −4.3%
    S&P 500, 5 days
    −2.6%
    TQQQ, 5 days
    −9.4%
    Long Treasuries, day
    −0.6%
  • Jan 28, 2026
    Decision
    Hold
    S&P 500, day
    0.0%
    Nasdaq‑100, day
    +0.3%
    TQQQ, day
    +0.9%
    S&P 500, 5 days
    −0.9%
    TQQQ, 5 days
    −7.1%
    Long Treasuries, day
    −0.2%
  • Dec 10, 2025
    Decision
    Cut −0.25 to 3.50–3.75%
    S&P 500, day
    +0.7%
    Nasdaq‑100, day
    +0.4%
    TQQQ, day
    +1.1%
    S&P 500, 5 days
    −0.6%
    TQQQ, 5 days
    −6.6%
    Long Treasuries, day
    +0.4%
  • Oct 29, 2025
    Decision
    Cut −0.25 to 3.75–4.00%
    S&P 500, day
    +0.1%
    Nasdaq‑100, day
    +0.5%
    TQQQ, day
    +1.3%
    S&P 500, 5 days
    −1.7%
    TQQQ, 5 days
    −6.7%
    Long Treasuries, day
    −1.0%
  • Sep 17, 2025
    Decision
    Cut −0.25 to 4.00–4.25%
    S&P 500, day
    −0.1%
    Nasdaq‑100, day
    −0.2%
    TQQQ, day
    −0.6%
    S&P 500, 5 days
    +0.5%
    TQQQ, 5 days
    +3.7%
    Long Treasuries, day
    −0.3%
  • Jul 30, 2025
    Decision
    Hold
    S&P 500, day
    −0.1%
    Nasdaq‑100, day
    +0.1%
    TQQQ, day
    +0.4%
    S&P 500, 5 days
    −1.1%
    TQQQ, 5 days
    −4.2%
    Long Treasuries, day
    −0.5%
  • Jun 18, 2025
    Decision
    Hold
    S&P 500, day
    0.0%
    Nasdaq‑100, day
    0.0%
    TQQQ, day
    −0.1%
    S&P 500, 5 days
    +1.6%
    TQQQ, 5 days
    +6.7%
    Long Treasuries, day
    +0.2%
0.93%S&P 500, average move on a decision dayAll days: 0.73%
3.67%TQQQ, average move on a decision dayAll days: 2.89%
Wed, Dec 9, 2026Next scheduled Fed decisionThen Wed, Jan 27, 2027

Exent market data, daily closes, price change (dividends not included), Jul 1, 2016 to Nov 2, 2026. Decision days from the Federal Reserve’s meeting calendars; both unscheduled cuts of March 2020 are included (the Sunday, March 15 cut is shown on Monday, March 16). Updated after each Fed decision. Past moves do not predict the next one; this is not a recommendation.

Market risk check, updated every trading day

Data through the close of Nov 2, 2026. The S&P 500 fell 1.7% over the last five trading days, and the Nasdaq‑100 fell 4.4%. The S&P 500 is 3.5% below its record close of Oct 6: a small dip from its record. It is 3.1% above its 200‑day average (+5.2% a week earlier). Its 20‑day volatility is 11.3% a year, about normal for the period since 2016.

The S&P 500 vs its 200‑day average

Daily closes over the last year, through Nov 2, 2026. Green: the index above its average; red: below it.

−3.5%from its record closeRecord: Oct 6, 2026
+3.1%vs its 200‑day averageA week earlier: +5.2%
11.3%20‑day volatility (a year)Median since 2016: 12.2%
−1.7%last five trading daysNasdaq‑100: −4.4%

Leveraged funds this year: the fund vs its multiple

Year‑to‑date return through Nov 2, 2026: what each fund returned next to its multiple times the index’s return. The gap is the daily reset at work.

SSO
UPRO
QLD
TQQQ
TNA
FundLast 5 daysYear to dateMultiple × indexFrom its high
2× S&P 500 (SSO)−3.5%+16.4%+22.3%−7.4%
3× S&P 500 (UPRO)−5.4%+20.9%+33.5%−11.6%
2× Nasdaq‑100 (QLD)−8.8%+14.2%+22.5%−20.3%
3× Nasdaq‑100 (TQQQ)−13.1%+13.5%+33.7%−31.5%
3× Russell 2000 (TNA)+2.1%+26.7%+42.5%−46.4%
3× chip stocks (SOXL)−24.7%+62.3%+152.7%−77.3%
  • 2× S&P 500 (SSO)
    Last 5 days
    −3.5%
    Year to date
    +16.4%
    Multiple × index
    +22.3%
    From its high
    −7.4%
  • 3× S&P 500 (UPRO)
    Last 5 days
    −5.4%
    Year to date
    +20.9%
    Multiple × index
    +33.5%
    From its high
    −11.6%
  • 2× Nasdaq‑100 (QLD)
    Last 5 days
    −8.8%
    Year to date
    +14.2%
    Multiple × index
    +22.5%
    From its high
    −20.3%
  • 3× Nasdaq‑100 (TQQQ)
    Last 5 days
    −13.1%
    Year to date
    +13.5%
    Multiple × index
    +33.7%
    From its high
    −31.5%
  • 3× Russell 2000 (TNA)
    Last 5 days
    +2.1%
    Year to date
    +26.7%
    Multiple × index
    +42.5%
    From its high
    −46.4%
  • 3× chip stocks (SOXL)
    Last 5 days
    −24.7%
    Year to date
    +62.3%
    Multiple × index
    +152.7%
    From its high
    −77.3%

“Multiple × index” = 2× or 3× the index fund’s return since Dec 31, 2025; a fund resets its leverage daily, so it never promises that multiple over longer periods.

Exent macro regime score, today

Last updated Nov 2, 2026. Members only.

Exent regime pillarToday
Liquidity
Credit stress
Economic cycle
Sentiment
Regime: Risk ON · Neutral · Risk OFF

Price trend and volatility show what the market has already done. Exent’s macro regime score reads the backdrop behind it (liquidity, credit stress, the economic cycle and sentiment) and classifies it as Risk ON, Neutral or Risk OFF. Market intel members see today’s reading and get an alert when it changes.

Exent market data, daily closes; returns include dividends and interest. The S&P 500, Nasdaq‑100 and Russell 2000 are shown through the SPY, QQQ and IWM funds. Refreshed every trading day. It describes conditions; it is not a forecast or a recommendation. Past performance does not guarantee future results.

Fed days vs normal days, fund by fund

The average move on a decision day (up or down) next to the average move on all trading days since mid‑2016, and how often each fund closed higher:

FundAverage move, decision daysAverage move, all daysClosed higher, decision daysClosed higher, all daysWorst decision day
S&P 500 (SPY)0.93%0.73%44%55%−10.9%
Nasdaq‑100 (QQQ)1.23%0.97%55%56%−12.0%
2× S&P 500 (SSO)1.87%1.44%43%54%−23.4%
3× S&P 500 (UPRO)2.82%2.16%44%54%−34.9%
2× Nasdaq‑100 (QLD)2.46%1.94%55%56%−24.3%
3× Nasdaq‑100 (TQQQ)3.67%2.89%54%55%−34.5%
Long Treasuries (TLT)0.76%0.69%64%50%−1.6%
  • S&P 500 (SPY)
    Average move, decision days
    0.93%
    Average move, all days
    0.73%
    Closed higher, decision days
    44%
    Closed higher, all days
    55%
    Worst decision day
    −10.9%
  • Nasdaq‑100 (QQQ)
    Average move, decision days
    1.23%
    Average move, all days
    0.97%
    Closed higher, decision days
    55%
    Closed higher, all days
    56%
    Worst decision day
    −12.0%
  • 2× S&P 500 (SSO)
    Average move, decision days
    1.87%
    Average move, all days
    1.44%
    Closed higher, decision days
    43%
    Closed higher, all days
    54%
    Worst decision day
    −23.4%
  • 3× S&P 500 (UPRO)
    Average move, decision days
    2.82%
    Average move, all days
    2.16%
    Closed higher, decision days
    44%
    Closed higher, all days
    54%
    Worst decision day
    −34.9%
  • 2× Nasdaq‑100 (QLD)
    Average move, decision days
    2.46%
    Average move, all days
    1.94%
    Closed higher, decision days
    55%
    Closed higher, all days
    56%
    Worst decision day
    −24.3%
  • 3× Nasdaq‑100 (TQQQ)
    Average move, decision days
    3.67%
    Average move, all days
    2.89%
    Closed higher, decision days
    54%
    Closed higher, all days
    55%
    Worst decision day
    −34.5%
  • Long Treasuries (TLT)
    Average move, decision days
    0.76%
    Average move, all days
    0.69%
    Closed higher, decision days
    64%
    Closed higher, all days
    50%
    Worst decision day
    −1.6%

The leveraged rows show why Fed days matter more for holders of TQQQ, UPRO or QLD than for index investors: a fund that moves three times the index every day turns a 2% index day into a 6% day, and a 10.9% day into 34.5%. How those swings compound is in leveraged ETF decay.

Hikes, cuts and holds: how the reaction differed

DecisionNumberS&P 500, average dayS&P 500, average moveS&P 500 closed higherTQQQ, average moveS&P 500, average 5 days
Hikes200.0%1.11%35%4.33%−0.6%
Cuts11−1.5%1.83%45%6.29%−2.8%
Holds53+0.1%0.67%47%2.88%+0.3%
DecisionHikesCutsHolds
Number201153
S&P 500, average day0.0%−1.5%+0.1%
S&P 500, average move1.11%1.83%0.67%
S&P 500 closed higher35%45%47%
TQQQ, average move4.33%6.29%2.88%
S&P 500, average 5 days−0.6%−2.8%+0.3%

Cut days include the two emergency cuts of March 2020, which dominate their average: the S&P 500 fund fell 2.9% on Mar 3, 2020 and 10.9% on Mar 16. Without a crisis, cuts were not reliably good days either; the Dec 18, 2024 cut came with a 3.0% fall. Hike days in 2022 included some of the best Fed days in the data (+2.2% on Mar 16, +3.0% on May 4, +2.6% on Jul 27) and two clear down days (−1.7% on Sep 21, −2.5% on Nov 2). The latest hike, on Sep 16, 2026, came with a 0.4% fall on the day. The decision after it, on Oct 28, 2026, was a hold at 3.75–4.00% with two officials voting for another hike (Fed statement); the S&P 500 fund rose 0.3% that day and TQQQ 1.9%. More on that meeting: the Oct 28, 2026 Fed decision. What whole hiking and cutting runs did to portfolios is in when the Fed raises rates and when the Fed cuts rates.

The biggest Fed‑day moves since 2016

Decision dayDecisionS&P 500, dayTQQQ, dayS&P 500, 5 daysTQQQ, 5 days
Mar 16, 2020Cut −1.00 to 0–0.25% (unscheduled)−10.9%−34.5%−15.1%−37.5%
May 4, 2022Hike +0.50 to 0.75–1.00%+3.0%+9.9%−4.2%−17.6%
Dec 18, 2024Cut −0.25 to 4.25–4.50%−3.0%−10.8%−0.5%−3.9%
Mar 3, 2020Cut −0.50 to 1.00–1.25% (unscheduled)−2.9%−9.4%−11.3%−30.0%
Apr 29, 2020Hold+2.6%+10.3%+0.2%+8.0%
Jul 27, 2022Hike +0.75 to 2.25–2.50%+2.6%+12.4%+4.4%+20.7%
Nov 2, 2022Hike +0.75 to 3.75–4.00%−2.5%−10.3%−0.7%−6.8%
Jan 27, 2021Hold−2.4%−8.1%−0.6%−1.6%
  • Mar 16, 2020
    Decision
    Cut −1.00 to 0–0.25% (unscheduled)
    S&P 500, day
    −10.9%
    TQQQ, day
    −34.5%
    S&P 500, 5 days
    −15.1%
    TQQQ, 5 days
    −37.5%
  • May 4, 2022
    Decision
    Hike +0.50 to 0.75–1.00%
    S&P 500, day
    +3.0%
    TQQQ, day
    +9.9%
    S&P 500, 5 days
    −4.2%
    TQQQ, 5 days
    −17.6%
  • Dec 18, 2024
    Decision
    Cut −0.25 to 4.25–4.50%
    S&P 500, day
    −3.0%
    TQQQ, day
    −10.8%
    S&P 500, 5 days
    −0.5%
    TQQQ, 5 days
    −3.9%
  • Mar 3, 2020
    Decision
    Cut −0.50 to 1.00–1.25% (unscheduled)
    S&P 500, day
    −2.9%
    TQQQ, day
    −9.4%
    S&P 500, 5 days
    −11.3%
    TQQQ, 5 days
    −30.0%
  • Apr 29, 2020
    Decision
    Hold
    S&P 500, day
    +2.6%
    TQQQ, day
    +10.3%
    S&P 500, 5 days
    +0.2%
    TQQQ, 5 days
    +8.0%
  • Jul 27, 2022
    Decision
    Hike +0.75 to 2.25–2.50%
    S&P 500, day
    +2.6%
    TQQQ, day
    +12.4%
    S&P 500, 5 days
    +4.4%
    TQQQ, 5 days
    +20.7%
  • Nov 2, 2022
    Decision
    Hike +0.75 to 3.75–4.00%
    S&P 500, day
    −2.5%
    TQQQ, day
    −10.3%
    S&P 500, 5 days
    −0.7%
    TQQQ, 5 days
    −6.8%
  • Jan 27, 2021
    Decision
    Hold
    S&P 500, day
    −2.4%
    TQQQ, day
    −8.1%
    S&P 500, 5 days
    −0.6%
    TQQQ, 5 days
    −1.6%

The years with the largest Fed‑day moves were years when the Fed changed course fast or the market was already in turmoil:

YearFed decisionsS&P 500, average move on decision daysS&P 500, average move, all daysTQQQ, average move on decision days
201640.67%0.42%2.18%
201780.17%0.31%1.10%
201880.42%0.75%1.91%
201980.57%0.57%2.25%
202092.31%1.33%8.42%
202180.82%0.63%3.15%
202281.80%1.20%7.40%
202380.87%0.65%3.70%
202481.17%0.59%5.08%
202580.37%0.75%1.15%
2026 (to Nov 2026)70.71%0.63%2.59%
  • 2016
    Fed decisions
    4
    S&P 500, average move on decision days
    0.67%
    S&P 500, average move, all days
    0.42%
    TQQQ, average move on decision days
    2.18%
  • 2017
    Fed decisions
    8
    S&P 500, average move on decision days
    0.17%
    S&P 500, average move, all days
    0.31%
    TQQQ, average move on decision days
    1.10%
  • 2018
    Fed decisions
    8
    S&P 500, average move on decision days
    0.42%
    S&P 500, average move, all days
    0.75%
    TQQQ, average move on decision days
    1.91%
  • 2019
    Fed decisions
    8
    S&P 500, average move on decision days
    0.57%
    S&P 500, average move, all days
    0.57%
    TQQQ, average move on decision days
    2.25%
  • 2020
    Fed decisions
    9
    S&P 500, average move on decision days
    2.31%
    S&P 500, average move, all days
    1.33%
    TQQQ, average move on decision days
    8.42%
  • 2021
    Fed decisions
    8
    S&P 500, average move on decision days
    0.82%
    S&P 500, average move, all days
    0.63%
    TQQQ, average move on decision days
    3.15%
  • 2022
    Fed decisions
    8
    S&P 500, average move on decision days
    1.80%
    S&P 500, average move, all days
    1.20%
    TQQQ, average move on decision days
    7.40%
  • 2023
    Fed decisions
    8
    S&P 500, average move on decision days
    0.87%
    S&P 500, average move, all days
    0.65%
    TQQQ, average move on decision days
    3.70%
  • 2024
    Fed decisions
    8
    S&P 500, average move on decision days
    1.17%
    S&P 500, average move, all days
    0.59%
    TQQQ, average move on decision days
    5.08%
  • 2025
    Fed decisions
    8
    S&P 500, average move on decision days
    0.37%
    S&P 500, average move, all days
    0.75%
    TQQQ, average move on decision days
    1.15%
  • 2026 (to Nov 2026)
    Fed decisions
    7
    S&P 500, average move on decision days
    0.71%
    S&P 500, average move, all days
    0.63%
    TQQQ, average move on decision days
    2.59%

How investors handle Fed days

  • Knowing the date. The next decisions are in the block above; the full calendar is on the Federal Reserve’s site.
  • Sizing leveraged positions for the day, not the average: a 3× fund’s Fed-day range has run from a 34.5% fall to double-digit gains.
  • Reading the whole week, not the first hour. The five-day columns often differ in sign from the day itself.
  • Deciding exits in advance, not on the announcement; see when it is safe to hold leveraged ETFs and when to step aside.

For the other big scheduled release, see what the stock market does on CPI day. Background on the rate itself: the fed funds rate. Past Fed days do not predict the next one.

How Exent helps you through Fed days

  1. Exent Predictive Market Intelligence has an events calendar with every Fed meeting and a daily macro briefing with cited sources.
  2. Its daily macro regime score (Risk ON, Neutral or Risk OFF) reads four pillars: liquidity, credit stress, the economic cycle and sentiment, and members get an alert when the regime changes.
  3. Six model allocations show how exposure can follow the regime, including a 2× model that uses leverage only in Risk ON.

Featured on Business Insider · Yahoo Finance · Benzinga

Exent is our product. Educational content, not investment advice.

Frequently asked questions

Across the 84 Fed decisions from Jul 2016 to Oct 2026, the S&P 500 (SPY) moved 0.93% on an average decision day, up or down, against 0.73% on a normal trading day, and closed higher on 44% of them (55% of all days).

On the 20 hike days since mid-2016 the S&P 500 closed higher 35% of the time, with an average day of 0.0% and an average of -0.6% over five trading days. On the 11 cut days it averaged -1.5%, pulled down by the two emergency cuts of March 2020.

TQQQ, a 3x Nasdaq-100 fund, moved 3.67% on an average decision day, against 2.89% on a normal day. Its worst decision day was -34.5% and its best +12.4%, in Exent’s data.

-10.9% for the S&P 500 fund on March 16, 2020, the first trading day after an emergency cut to near zero. TQQQ moved -34.5% that day.

Scheduled decisions come in a statement at 2:00 p.m. Eastern on the last day of the meeting. Unscheduled moves, like those of March 2020, can come at other times.

The next scheduled decision is on December 9, 2026, then January 27, 2027, per the Federal Reserve’s meeting calendar.

Add market context to your plan.

Market intel provides a Risk ON / Neutral / Risk OFF reading from four pillars, cross-asset analysis, an events calendar and regular written notes. Context for reviewing a plan, not a crash forecast.

See what Market intel includesLimited offer67% off your first month

Educational content, not investment advice. Examples are illustrative; past performance does not guarantee future results.

DISCLAIMER: Exent AI is an informational research platform and does not provide investment advice, financial advice, or act as an investment adviser, broker-dealer, or fiduciary. All content, analytics, and model outputs are provided for educational and informational purposes only and should not be relied upon as a recommendation to buy, sell, or hold any financial instrument. Investing involves risk, including the possible loss of principal. Exent AI does not execute trades, hold customer funds, or provide brokerage services. Past performance and hypothetical results are not indicative of future results. Third-party data and AI-generated outputs may be incomplete or inaccurate.